Symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism and parasitism
PHOTO
Upper: A small copepod crustacean (note paired egg sacs) on Phyllidia coelestis, Koumac, New Caledonia, Oct, 1993. Lower: The commensal shrimp Periclimenes imperator on Chromodoris tinctoria, Koumac, New Caledonia, Oct, 1993. Photos: Bill Rudman.
There are many examples in nature of two organisms living in close association with each other. The relationship can consist of two animals, two plants, a plant and an animal, or even a fungus and an algae (such as in lichens). Biologists have tried to give names to and define certain examples of 'living together' such as 'symbiosis' and 'mutualism' and 'parasitism' but it is often difficult to know where one type of association ends and another begins. It is probably better to think of these associations as part of a broad continuum ranging from free-living organisms that depend on others for food, to two organisms that will not survive unless they are always together such as the alga and fungus that combine to form each lichen 'species'.
Here are definitions of a few of the most common words used by biologists to classify such inter-relationships.
• Symbiosis: This comes from a Greek word simply meaning 'living together' and can be used to describe any association between two organisms.
• Mutualism: This can be used to describe an association in which both organisms apparently benefit
• Commensalism: In this association one organism [the commensal] benefits, and the other [thehost] is apparently unaffected.
• Parasitism In this association one organism [the parasite] benefits, and the other [the host] is adversely affected [weakened, sickened, damaged etc]. This description would also fit the relationship between a carnivore and its live prey and a herbivore and the plant it feeds on, especially if they are very specialized in the food they eat. We normally define parasites as orgamisms which cannot survive without their host and have special modifications to their body or their life cycle for this association. In many ways though, the difference between a lion eating a gazelle and a flea feeding on a dog, is a matter of relative size.
• Symbiosis: This comes from a Greek word simply meaning 'living together' and can be used to describe any association between two organisms.
• Mutualism: This can be used to describe an association in which both organisms apparently benefit
• Commensalism: In this association one organism [the commensal] benefits, and the other [thehost] is apparently unaffected.
• Parasitism In this association one organism [the parasite] benefits, and the other [the host] is adversely affected [weakened, sickened, damaged etc]. This description would also fit the relationship between a carnivore and its live prey and a herbivore and the plant it feeds on, especially if they are very specialized in the food they eat. We normally define parasites as orgamisms which cannot survive without their host and have special modifications to their body or their life cycle for this association. In many ways though, the difference between a lion eating a gazelle and a flea feeding on a dog, is a matter of relative size.
Many sea slugs have evolved close relationships with other organisms. The simplest associations are the many nudibranchs which are permanently found on, or close by, the organisms they feed on. These in include dorids and their sponges, aeolids on their cnidarians, polycerids on their bryozoans. Here are a few particular examples:
• Commensal crustaceans: The photos at the top of this page show two crustaceans, a copepod and a shrimp, which live in close association with various nudibranchs. They illustarte the many crustaceans which are often found to have close relationships to various sea slugs. In most cases we know nothing about the relationships, but they are generally referred to as 'commensals'. Thecopepods are small crustacea often found living on dorid nudibranchs. They are easily recognised because their two large egg sacs look like a pair of large 'tails'. Another more spectacular example is the shrimp, Periclimenes imperator, which is always found living on large dorid nudibranchs such as the Spanish Dancer, Hexabranchus, or on chromodorids such as Chromodoris tinctoria.
• Coral feeding nudibranchs: These nudibranchs live their lives on or under the coral colonies they feed on.
• Solar Powered Sea Slugs: Another quite different group of relationships have been discovered with sea slugs which involves plants and plant organelles. One group, the herbivorous sacoglossan sea slugs keep chloroplasts and other plant plastids alive from the plants they eat, and use the sugars they produce from photosynthesis for theis own nutrition. Another group of carnivorous nudibranchs also show various degrees of ability to harness solar power by keeping whole single-celled plants (zooxanthellae) alive in their tissues for the same purpose.
• Gymnodoris nigricolor: Have a look at the page on Gymnodoris nigricolor, a nudibranch which lives with fishes of the Goby family, clinging on to, and apparently eating their fins.
Authorship details• Commensal crustaceans: The photos at the top of this page show two crustaceans, a copepod and a shrimp, which live in close association with various nudibranchs. They illustarte the many crustaceans which are often found to have close relationships to various sea slugs. In most cases we know nothing about the relationships, but they are generally referred to as 'commensals'. Thecopepods are small crustacea often found living on dorid nudibranchs. They are easily recognised because their two large egg sacs look like a pair of large 'tails'. Another more spectacular example is the shrimp, Periclimenes imperator, which is always found living on large dorid nudibranchs such as the Spanish Dancer, Hexabranchus, or on chromodorids such as Chromodoris tinctoria.
• Coral feeding nudibranchs: These nudibranchs live their lives on or under the coral colonies they feed on.
• Solar Powered Sea Slugs: Another quite different group of relationships have been discovered with sea slugs which involves plants and plant organelles. One group, the herbivorous sacoglossan sea slugs keep chloroplasts and other plant plastids alive from the plants they eat, and use the sugars they produce from photosynthesis for theis own nutrition. Another group of carnivorous nudibranchs also show various degrees of ability to harness solar power by keeping whole single-celled plants (zooxanthellae) alive in their tissues for the same purpose.
• Gymnodoris nigricolor: Have a look at the page on Gymnodoris nigricolor, a nudibranch which lives with fishes of the Goby family, clinging on to, and apparently eating their fins.
Rudman, W.B., 2004 (July 24) Symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism and parasitism. [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/symbio
